Hot off the presses! Aug 01 Nat Rev Immunol

The Aug 01 issue of the Nat Rev Immunol is now up on Pubget (About Nat Rev Immunol): if you're at a subscribing institution, just click the link in the latest link at the home page. (Note you'll only be able to get all the PDFs in the issue if your institution subscribes to Pubget.)

Latest Articles Include:

• From the editors
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):527 (2009)
  
• T cell diversity: T cell subsets rise again
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):528 (2009)
  
• Dendritic cells: CD14 can do it alone
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):529 (2009)
  
• In brief: Evolution, Dendritic cells, Cytokines
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):529 (2009)
  
• Regulatory T cells: Immature development
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):530 (2009)
  
• B cell responses: Regulating receptor editing
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):530 (2009)
  
• Innate immunity: DCs take one for the team
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):531 (2009)
  
• Innate immunity: Endothelial cells as sentinels
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):532 (2009)
  
• In brief: Dendritic cells, T cell differentiation, Tumour immunology
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):532 (2009)
  
• Haematopoiesis: Instructing fate
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):532 (2009)
  
• Autoimmunity: Benefits of blocking the immunoproteasome
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):533 (2009)
  
• T cell responses: Quantity and quality control by mTOR
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):534 (2009)
  
• A cell biological view of Toll-like receptor function: regulation through compartmentalization
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):535-542 (2009)
  An emerging paradigm in innate immune signalling is that cell biological context can influence the outcome of a ligand–receptor interaction. In this Review we discuss how Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation and signal transduction are regulated by subcellular compartmentalization of receptors and downstream signalling components. In particular, we focus on the functional specialization of TLRs in the endosomal system. We discuss recent studies that illustrate how basic aspects of the cellular machinery contribute to TLR function and regulation. This emerging area of research will provide important information on how immune signal transduction networks depend on (and in some cases influence) the generic regulators that organize eukaryotic cells.
• Mechanisms and functions for the duration of intercellular contacts made by lymphocytes
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):543-555 (2009)
  Communication across intercellular contacts is central to establishing appropriate innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent imaging of lymphocyte interactions suggests that a complex orchestration of cell–cell contact times is a key correlate to establishing appropriate immune responses. Here I review the molecular and cellular processes that influence the duration of intercellular contacts, including integrin activation and dynamic changes in membrane morphology. I discuss how these processes can be regulated, for example, by the balance of activating and inhibitory receptor signals, and how they can establish the appropriate outcome for individual cell–cell interactions.
• Structure and signalling in the IL-17 receptor family
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):556-567 (2009)
  Interleukin-17A (IL-17A), the hallmark cytokine of the newly defined T helper 17 (TH17) cell subset, has important roles in protecting the host against extracellular pathogens, but also promotes inflammatory pathology in autoimmune disease. IL-17A and its receptor (IL-17RA) are the founding members of a newly described family of cytokines and receptors that have unique structural features which distinguish them from other cytokine families. Research defining the signal transduction pathways induced by IL-17R family cytokines has lagged behind that of other cytokine families, but studies in the past 2 years have begun to delineate unusual functional motifs and new proximal signalling mediators used by the IL-17R family to mediate downstream events.
• Oncogenic stress sensed by the immune system: role of natural killer cell receptors
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):568-580 (2009)
  A growing body of research is addressing how pathways that are dysregulated during tumorigenesis are linked to innate immune responses, which can contribute to immune surveillance of cancer. Components of the innate immune system that are localized in tissues are thought to eliminate early neoplastic cells, thereby preventing or delaying the establishment of advanced tumours. This Review addresses our current understanding of the mechanisms that detect cellular stresses that are associated with tumorigenesis and that culminate in the recognition and, in some cases, the elimination of the tumour cells by natural killer cells and other lymphocytes that express natural killer cell receptors.
• Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):581-593 (2009)
  In multicellular organisms, communication between cells mainly involves the secretion of proteins that then bind to receptors on neighbouring cells. But another mode of intercellular communication — the release of membrane vesicles — has recently become the subject of increasing interest. Membrane vesicles are complex structures composed of a lipid bilayer that contains transmembrane proteins and encloses soluble hydrophilic components derived from the cytosol of the donor cell. These vesicles have been shown to affect the physiology of neighbouring recipient cells in various ways, from inducing intracellular signalling following binding to receptors to conferring new properties after the acquisition of new receptors, enzymes or even genetic material from the vesicles. This Review focuses on the role of membrane vesicles, in particular exosomes, in the communication between immune cells, and between tumour and immune cells.
• The macrophage marches on its phagosome: dynamic assays of phagosome function
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):594-600 (2009)
  Professional phagocytes ingest particulate material to fulfil a diverse array of functions in a multicellular organism. The ancestral function of phagosomes is digestion; however, through evolution this degradative capacity has become pivotal to the adaptive immune response by processing antigens to be presented to lymphocytes. Moreover, phagocytes have also acquired an active role in microbial killing. This Innovation article describes new assays that probe the biological activities which occur within phagosomes. These assays provide functional insights into how the phagosome fulfils its diverse roles in homeostasis and in innate and adaptive immune responses.
• Erratum: The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease
  - Nat Rev Immunol 9(8):600 (2009)
  published online 30 April 2009; corrected after print 17 July 2009 In the version of this article initially published, references for table 2 were missing. A referenced version is provided below.