Latest Articles Include:
- From the editors
- Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):461 (2010)
For goalkeepers playing in this month's World Cup, quick reactions are essential for stopping that ball from reaching the back of the net. Similarly, a rapid response by the innate immune system is crucial for protecting the body against incoming threats. - T cell memory: DCs gather crumbs to feed memory
- Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):462 (2010)
Acute viral infections are rapidly cleared by the host immune system, but there is evidence that depots of viral antigen can persist after the resolution of infection and sustain memory T cells. Previous studies suggested that these reservoirs are located in lymph nodes draining the site of infection; Kim et al. - T cell responses: Vesicle fusion keeps cells moving
- Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):463 (2010)
Migrating cells adopt a polarized morphology, characterized by a leading-edge lamellipodia and a trailing-edge uropod, and move through tissues by sequential adhesion and release steps. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which chemoattractants promote such migration is an important goal for immunologists and cell biologists. - In brief: Autoimmunity, Tumour immunology, T cells
- Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):463 (2010)
Functionally defective germline variants of sialic acid acetylesterase in autoimmunity Surolia, I.et al. Nature16 Jun 2010 (doi:10.1038/nature09115) - Autoimmunity: New players in lupus nephritis
- Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):464 (2010)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody (IgM, IgG and IgA)-containing immune complexes that are deposited in, and cause damage to, numerous organs — including the kidneys (lupus nephritis). In addition to B cells, T helper 1 (TH1) cells, TH17 cells, macrophages and dendritic cells have all been shown to have a role in SLE. - Inflammation: Hope for sepsis treatment
- Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):464 (2010)
The incidence of sepsis (and death from septic shock) is increasing, and treatments are still inadequate. Now a study in Science offers promise for a new treatment option involving blockade of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), which protected mice from lethal and uncontrolled systemic inflammation induced by bacterial products or polymicrobial sepsis. - Antiviral immunity: Speed and endurance required
- Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):465 (2010)
New research shows that the innate immune response to cytosolic viruses through retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) must be both rapid and sustained and that these properties are mediated by different signalling pathways. Sustained antiviral signalling at mitochondrial membranes is supported and preceded by the rapid response of peroxisome-based antiviral pathways. - Tumour immunology: Run and hide
- Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):466 (2010)
Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-associated death and, therefore, it is important to determine when and how tumour cells disseminate from the primary tumour. It was previously thought that metastasis occurs late in cancer development, but more recent evidence suggests that it occurs early during tumour progression. - Regulatory T cells: Nurtured by TGFβ
- Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):466 (2010)
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is an important regulator of T cell tolerance, in part through the induction of regulatory T (TReg) cells in the periphery. Now, a new study shows that it also functions in the thymus where it protects thymocytes from deletion and promotes natural TReg cell development and homeostasis. - γδ T cell effector functions: a blend of innate programming and acquired plasticity
Bonneville M O'Brien RL Born WK - Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):467 (2010)
γδ T cells have several innate cell-like features that allow their early activation following recognition of conserved stress-induced ligands. Here we review recent observations revealing the ability of γδ T cells to rapidly produce cytokines that regulate pathogen clearance, inflammation and tissue homeostasis in response to tissue stress. These studies provide insights into how they acquire these properties, through both developmental programming in the thymus and functional polarization in the periphery. Innate features of γδ T cells underlie their non-redundant role in several physiopathological contexts and are therefore being exploited in the design of new immunotherapeutic approaches. - Innate IL-17-producing cells: the sentinels of the immune system
Cua DJ Tato CM - Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):479 (2010)
The cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) has received considerable attention since the discovery of a distinct CD4+ T helper (TH) cell subset that produces it, known as the TH17 cell subset. Despite the fact that most of the recent literature describes IL-17 as a T cell-secreted cytokine, much of the IL-17 released during an inflammatory response is produced by innate immune cells. In this Review, we explore the many innate immune cell populations that are an early source of IL-17 in response to stress, injury or pathogens. These early sources have been shown to have a central role in the initiation of IL-17-dependent immune responses, even before the first CD4+T cell sees its cognate antigen and initiates the TH17 cell developmental programme. - FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in the human immune system
Sakaguchi S Miyara M Costantino CM Hafler DA - Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):490 (2010)
Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)+ regulatory T (TReg) cells are potent mediators of dominant self tolerance in the periphery. But confusion as to the identity, stability and suppressive function of human TReg cells has, to date, impeded the general therapeutic use of these cells. Recent studies have suggested that human TReg cells are functionally and phenotypically diverse. Here we discuss recent findings regarding human TReg cells, including the ontogeny and development of TReg cell subsets that have naive or memory phenotypes, the unique mechanisms of suppression mediated by TReg cell subsets and factors that regulate TReg cell lineage commitment. We discuss future studies that are needed for the successful therapeutic use of human TReg cells. - Immune cell crosstalk in type 1 diabetes
Lehuen A Diana J Zaccone P Cooke A - Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):501 (2010)
The development of type 1 diabetes involves a complex interaction between pancreatic β-cells and cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Analyses of the interactions between natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, different dendritic cell populations and T cells have highlighted how these different cell populations can influence the onset of autoimmunity. There is evidence that infection can have either a potentiating or inhibitory role in the development of type 1 diabetes. Interactions between pathogens and cells of the innate immune system, and how this can influence whether T cell activation or tolerance occurs, have been under close scrutiny in recent years. This Review focuses on the nature of this crosstalk between the innate and the adaptive immune responses and how pathogens influence the process. - Immunity and immunopathology to viruses: what decides the outcome?
Rouse BT Sehrawat S - Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):514 (2010)
Many viruses infect humans and most are controlled satisfactorily by the immune system with limited damage to host tissues. Some viruses, however, do cause overt damage to the host, either in isolated cases or as a reaction that commonly occurs after infection. The outcome is influenced by properties of the infecting virus, the circumstances of infection and several factors controlled by the host. In this Review, we focus on host factors that influence the outcome of viral infection, including genetic susceptibility, the age of the host when infected, the dose and route of infection, the induction of anti-inflammatory cells and proteins, as well as the presence of concurrent infections and past exposure to cross-reactive agents. - Structure–function relationships of HIV-1 envelope sequence-variable regions refocus vaccine design
Zolla-Pazner S Cardozo T - Nat Rev Immunol 10(7):527 (2010)
One of the main challenges of developing an HIV-1 vaccine lies in eliciting immune responses that can overcome the antigenic variability exhibited by HIV. Most HIV-1 vaccine development has focused on inducing immunity to conserved regions of the HIV-1 envelope. However, new studies of the sequence-variable regions of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein have shown that there are conserved immunological and structural features in these regions. Recombinant immunogens that include these features may provide the means to address the antigenic diversity of HIV-1 and induce protective antibodies that can prevent infection with HIV-1.
No comments:
Post a Comment