Hot off the presses! May 01 Nature Reviews Immunology

The May 01 issue of the Nature Reviews Immunology is now up on Pubget (About Nature Reviews Immunology): if you're at a subscribing institution, just click the link in the latest link at the home page. (Note you'll only be able to get all the PDFs in the issue if your institution subscribes to Pubget.)

Latest Articles Include:

• From the editors
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):285 (2010)
  In this issue, we present a series of comprehensive Review, Perspective and Comment articles on the field of therapeutic antibodies, highlighting the recent advances and future challenges for their development and use in the treatment of cancer, autoimmunity and infectious diseases.Georges Köhler and César Milstein first described the hybridoma technique for the production of monoclonal antibodies in 1975, a discovery that revolutionized science and medicine.
• Innate immunity: Ready, AIM, fire!
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):287 (2010)
  Reporting in Nature Immunology, two independent groups of researchers provide the first genetic evidence that the DNA sensor AIM2 (absent in melanoma 2) is crucial for immunity against certain bacterial infections and DNA viruses.AIM2 was recently identified as a cytoplasmic receptor that recognizes double-stranded DNA and assembles with the caspase 1-activating adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) to form the AIM2 inflammasome.
• Viral immunity: How CMV bypasses immune memory
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):288 (2010)
  Persistent infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) induces high-frequency CMV-specific T cell responses and high titres of neutralizing antibodies, but this immune response cannot prevent superinfection with another strain of CMV. A study published in Science now explains the mechanism behind this ability of secondary CMV infections to evade immune memory.
• Immune regulation: Tidy TIM
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):288 (2010)
  The T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain family member TIM4 (also known as TIMD4) is expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) and binds to both phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells and to TIM1 (also known as TIMD1) on activated T cells. TIM4 has been attributed with both activating and inhibitory immune functions but its predominant role in vivo has remained unclear.
• T cell responses: IL-2 overrules tolerogenic liver responses
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):289 (2010)
  Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the liver generally induce T cell tolerance rather than T cell immunity. Of the APCs in the liver, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are highly adept at taking up soluble antigens from the blood and cross-presenting these antigens on MHC class I molecules to passing naive CD8+ T cells.
• Immune tolerance: New peacekeepers identified
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):290 (2010)
  Lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) have been shown to be mediators of antigen-specific peripheral T cell tolerance through the expression of peripheral tissue antigens (PTAs). However, the specific cell subsets involved were not known.
• Scientific basis for 'man flu'
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):290 (2010)
  Men may have weaker immune systems than women and suffer disease more seriously and for longer, say scientists at the University of Cambridge, UK. The study, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (24 Mar 2010), gives scientific credence to the phenomenon colloquially referred to as 'man flu' and suggests that "Maybe men aren't just playing sick, but really are more susceptible" (The Times, 24 Mar 2010).
• Innate immunity: Toll tremors
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):291 (2010)
  Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder in which affected individuals suffer from recurring, unprovoked seizures. There is evidence to suggest that inflammatory processes can promote seizures, and damage to the brain following neurotrauma, stroke or infection is associated with a high risk of developing epilepsy.
• In brief: Therapeutic antibodies, Therapeutic antibodies, Therapeutic antibodies
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):291 (2010)
  Anti-phospholipid human monoclonal antibodies inhibit CCR5-tropic HIV-1 and induce β-chemokines Moody , M. A.et al. J. Exp. Med. 207, 763–776 (2010)
• Tumour immunology: Promoting tolerance
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):292 (2010)
  Tumour cells can promote their survival by shifting the host immune response from immunogenic to tolerogenic. Swartz and colleagues have shown that tumours can do this by exploiting a pathway that is normally involved in maintaining tolerance in the lymph node stroma.
• In brief: Autoimmunity, Regulatory T cells, Innate immunity
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):292 (2010)
  T helper type 1 and 17 cells determine efficacy of interferon-β in multiple sclerosis and experimental encephalomyelitis Axtell , R. C.et al. Nature Med. 16, 406–412 (2010)
• Mucosal immunology: Inflammasome activation in the gut
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):293 (2010)
  Innate immune signalling pathways triggered by commensal bacteria have an important role in maintaining homeostasis in the gut. However, excessive inflammation is known to contribute to the development of colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer.
• Therapeutic antibodies: past, present and future
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):297 (2010)
  Over the past 10 years, the market for monoclonal antibodies has grown exponentially. This focus issue brings together articles on the basic biology of antibodies and their therapeutic use, providing an overview of the latest prospects and continued challenges for the development of safe, efficient and affordable therapeutic antibodies.
• Comment: Can primary immunodeficiencies help to provide insights into infectious risks of therapeutic antibodies?
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):299 (2010)
  Patients treated with monoclonal antibodies directed against immunological molecules may be viewed as being similar to patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) of the corresponding antibody target, with regards to infectious risk. László Maródi and Jean-Laurent Casanova propose that the natural history of PIDs might indicate which infectious diseases should be monitored in patients receiving therapeutic antibodies.
• Therapeutic antibodies for autoimmunity and inflammation
  Chan AC Carter PJ - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):301 (2010)
  The development of therapeutic antibodies has evolved over the past decade into a mainstay of therapeutic options for patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Substantial advances in understanding the biology of human diseases have been made and tremendous benefit to patients has been gained with the first generation of therapeutic antibodies. The lessons learnt from these antibodies have provided the foundation for the discovery and development of future therapeutic antibodies. Here we review how key insights obtained from the development of therapeutic antibodies complemented by newer antibody engineering technologies are delivering a second generation of therapeutic antibodies with promise for greater clinical efficacy and safety.
• Monoclonal antibodies: versatile platforms for cancer immunotherapy
  Weiner LM Surana R Wang S - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):317 (2010)
  Antibodies are important therapeutic agents for cancer. Recently, it has become clear that antibodies possess several clinically relevant mechanisms of action. Many clinically useful antibodies can manipulate tumour-related signalling. In addition, antibodies exhibit various immunomodulatory properties and, by directly activating or inhibiting molecules of the immune system, antibodies can promote the induction of antitumour immune responses. These immunomodulatory properties can form the basis for new cancer treatment strategies.
• FcγRIIB in autoimmunity and infection: evolutionary and therapeutic implications
  Smith KG Clatworthy MR - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):328 (2010)
  FcγRIIB is the only inhibitory Fc receptor. It controls many aspects of immune and inflammatory responses, and variation in the gene encoding this protein has long been associated with susceptibility to autoimmune disease, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). FcγRIIB is also involved in the complex regulation of defence against infection. A loss-of-function polymorphism in FcγRIIB protects against severe malaria, the investigation of which is beginning to clarify the evolutionary pressures that drive ethnic variation in autoimmunity. Our increased understanding of the function of FcγRIIB also has potentially far-reaching therapeutic implications, being involved in the mechanism of action of intravenous immunoglobulin, controlling the efficacy of monoclonal antibody therapy and providing a direct therapeutic target.
• Strategies and challenges for the next generation of therapeutic antibodies
  Beck A Wurch T Bailly C Corvaia N - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):345 (2010)
  Antibodies and related products are the fastest growing class of therapeutic agents. By analysing the regulatory approvals of IgG-based biotherapeutic agents in the past 10 years, we can gain insights into the successful strategies used by pharmaceutical companies so far to bring innovative drugs to the market. Many challenges will have to be faced in the next decade to bring more efficient and affordable antibody-based drugs to the clinic. Here, we discuss strategies to select the best therapeutic antigen targets, to optimize the structure of IgG antibodies and to design related or new structures with additional functions.
• Dynamic imaging of host–pathogen interactions in vivo
  Coombes JL Robey EA - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):353 (2010)
  In the past decade, advances in microscopic imaging methods, together with the development of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters, have made it possible to directly visualize the behaviour of cells in living tissues. At the same time, immunologists have been turning their attention from the traditional focus on responses to model antigens to a new focus on in vivo infection models. Recently, these two trends have intersected with exciting results. Here we discuss how dynamic imaging of in vivo infection has revealed fascinating and unexpected details of host–pathogen interactions at a new level of spatial and temporal resolution.
• Nuclear receptor transrepression pathways that regulate inflammation in macrophages and T cells
  Glass CK Saijo K - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(5):365 (2010)
  Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors regulate diverse aspects of immunity and inflammation by both positively and negatively regulating gene expression. Here, we review recent studies providing insights into the distinct mechanisms that enable nuclear receptors to antagonize pro-inflammatory programmes of gene expression in macrophages and T cells by altering the turnover or recruitment of co-repressors and co-activators in a gene-specific manner. These nuclear receptor-dependent transrepression pathways are proposed to have roles in controlling the initiation, magnitude and duration of pro-inflammatory gene expression and are amenable to pharmacological manipulation.

Hot off the presses! Feb 01

The Feb 01 issue of the is now up on Pubget (About ): if you're at a subscribing institution, just click the link in the latest link at the home page. (Note you'll only be able to get all the PDFs in the issue if your institution subscribes to Pubget.)

Latest Articles Include:

• From the editors
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):79 (2010)
  Several articles this month look at the inputs to and outputs from innate immune cells that determine their instructive role in shaping adaptive immune responses.The recognition of cytoplasmic DNA by innate immune cells is important for defence against viruses and many types of bacteria.
• Comment: Why does immunity to parasites take so long to develop?
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):80 (2010)
  To ensure successful transmission and establish chronic infection, parasites must evade the host's immune system and delay the development of immunity. Maria Yazdanbakhsh and David Sacks discuss how this might be achieved.
• Inflammation: TLRs find a partner in crime
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):82 (2010)
  A recent study published in Nature Immunology describes a new mechanism of sterile inflammation that is common to atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. It shows that the recognition of altered self components that aggregate in plaques in these two diseases by the scavenger receptor CD36 triggers the assembly of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR6 heterodimers, leading to the induction of pro-inflammatory responses that underlie the pathology of these diseases.
• T cell activation: A silent toll for T cells
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):83 (2010)
  Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have well-described roles in activating innate immune cell populations, but although T cells have also been shown to express TLRs, their function in these adaptive immune cells remains unclear. Now, a study by Raz and colleagues shows that TLR4 signalling in T cells can negatively regulate activation signals delivered by the T cell receptor (TCR).
• In brief: Neuroimmunology, Innate immunity, Tumour immunology
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):83 (2010)
  Dual roles for perivascular macrophages in immune-to-brain signaling Serrats, J.et al. Neuron, 94–106 (2010)Cytokines, produced during infection and/or inflammation, are known to activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis through the induction of prostanoid production by vascular cells.
• Immune evasion: Bordetella escapes by inducing IL-10
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):84 (2010)
  Similarly to many bacterial pathogens, Bordetella bronchiseptica, which has been used for the study of Bordetella pertussis pathogenesis, manipulates the host immune response to promote its own survival by enhancing the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). A study by Nagamatsu et al.B. bronchiseptica
• Antigen presentation: Monotonous MHC sing in troubled times
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):84 (2010)
  Mouse Qa-1b and its human homologue, HLA-E, are highly conserved MHC class I-like molecules that protect host cells from cytotoxic lymphocytes by presenting a single self peptide, Qa-1 determinant modifier (Qdm) from the signal sequence of classical MHC class I molecules, to inhibitory natural killer (NK)-type receptors. Now, a study by Oliveira et al.b-bound Qdm is replaced with a diverse range of self peptides and this leads to elimination of these cells by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
• In brief: NK cells, Tumour immunology, Autoimmunity
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):84 (2010)
  The activating receptor NKp46 is essential for the development of type 1 diabetes Gur, C.et al. Nature Immunol.20 Dec 2009 (doi: 10.1038/ni.1834)
• Innate immunity: 'Natural helper' cells identified
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):85 (2010)
  A recent paper published in Nature describes a new population of innate lymphocytes that are found in a previously unrecognized lymphoid structure associated with adipose tissue. The authors propose that these T helper 2 (TH2)-type innate lymphocytes be termed 'natural helper' cells.
• Lymphomagenesis: Far, far away
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):86 (2010)
  Translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) locus and Myc are oncogenic, but the elements that are involved in activating the transcription of these fusion genes have not been resolved. Gostissa et al.Igh 3′ regulatory region (Igh3′RR) can function over long distances to activate the transcription of translocated Myc.
• T cell responses: mTOR mixes up a recipe for success
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):86 (2010)
  The stimulation of naive CD8+ T cells to generate a successful effector response requires three main ingredients: antigen and co-stimulation for T cell activation and cytokine stimulation to determine the type of response. But like most recipes, the result depends on careful mixing.
• Tolerance: How AIRE wakes up sleepy genes
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):87 (2010)
  Immune tolerance to peripheral tissue antigens begins in the thymus, where medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) give differentiating thymocytes a 'sneak preview' of the self antigens they will encounter in the periphery — a process that partially depends on the transcriptional regulator protein autoimmune regulator (AIRE). By looking at the binding partners of AIRE, this study puts forward a new model for how AIRE regulates the transcriptional 'waking' of peripheral tissue antigen genes in mTECs.
• Tumour immunology: Liver X factor helps tumours escape
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):88 (2010)
  The liver X receptors (LXRα and LXRβ) are transcription factors that are important for lipid and cholesterol homeostasis. Recent work has suggested that LXR signalling can also regulate innate and adaptive immune responses.
• Flu vaccine surplus
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):88 (2010)
  Recent vaccine trial data provided hope in the fight against swine flu by suggesting that a single dose of vaccine, and not two doses as initially thought, is sufficient to confer protection against the pandemic H1N1 strain of influenza virus (Nature Rev. Immunol.
• The IL-1 family: regulators of immunity
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):89 (2010)
  Over recent years it has become increasingly clear that innate immune responses can shape the adaptive immune response. Among the most potent molecules of the innate immune system are the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members. These evolutionarily ancient cytokines are made by and act on innate immune cells to influence their survival and function. In addition, they act directly on lymphocytes to reinforce certain adaptive immune responses. This Review provides an overview of both the long-established and more recently characterized members of the IL-1 family. In addition to their effects on immune cells, their involvement in human disease and disease models is discussed.
• Disease-associated functions of IL-33: the new kid in the IL-1 family
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):103 (2010)
  Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a newly described member of the IL-1 family, is expressed by many cell types following pro-inflammatory stimulation and is thought to be released on cell lysis. The IL-33 receptor, consisting of ST2 and IL-1 receptor accessory protein, is also widely expressed, particularly by T helper 2 (TH2) cells and mast cells. IL-33 is host-protective against helminth infection and reduces atherosclerosis by promoting TH2-type immune responses. However, IL-33 can also promote the pathogenesis of asthma by expanding TH2 cells and mediate joint inflammation, atopic dermatitis and anaphylaxis by mast cell activation. Thus IL-33 could be a new target for therapeutic intervention across a range of diseases.
• Physiological and pathological roles for microRNAs in the immune system
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):111 (2010)
  Mammalian microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been identified as important regulators of gene expression, and they function by repressing specific target genes at the post-transcriptional level. Now, studies of miRNAs are resolving some unsolved issues in immunology. Recent studies have shown that miRNAs have unique expression profiles in cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems and have pivotal roles in the regulation of both cell development and function. Furthermore, when miRNAs are aberrantly expressed they can contribute to pathological conditions involving the immune system, such as cancer and autoimmunity; they have also been shown to be useful as diagnostic and prognostic indicators of disease type and severity. This Review discusses recent advances in our understanding of both the intended functions of miRNAs in managing immune cell biology and their pathological roles when their expression is dysregulated.
• Intracellular DNA recognition
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):123 (2010)
  The recognition of nucleic acids is one strategy by which cells can detect infectious agents. As life is ultimately determined by the existence of nucleic acids, this defence strategy has evolved in many different organisms and operates effectively in many different cell types. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which DNA activates cells to induce inflammation and antimicrobial immunity. DNA can be detected in different cellular compartments and can induce a range of cellular responses, such as an antiviral response and pyroptotic cell death together with the maturation and release of active interleukin-1β.
• Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: how bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):131 (2010)
  A single layer of epithelial cells lines the small and large intestines and functions as a barrier between commensal bacteria and the rest of the body. Ligation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on intestinal epithelial cells by bacterial products promotes epithelial cell proliferation, secretion of IgA into the gut lumen and expression of antimicrobial peptides. As described in this Review, this establishes a microorganism-induced programme of epithelial cell homeostasis and repair in the intestine. Dysregulation of this process can result in chronic inflammatory and over-exuberant repair responses, and it is associated with the development of colon cancer. Thus, dysregulated TLR signalling by intestinal epithelial cells may explain how colonic bacteria and inflammation promote colorectal cancer.
• Surrogate end points in the design of immunotherapy trials: emerging lessons from type 1 diabetes
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(2):145 (2010)
  Approximately 5% of people in developed countries suffer from 1 of ~80 classified autoimmune diseases. The sheer scale of the clinical problem captures the interests of health policy makers, academics, funding bodies and pharmaceutical companies in equal measure. In recent decades, immunologists have gained a good understanding of disease pathogenesis, which has led to the development of various potential therapies. The next challenge is to establish which therapies have superior efficacy, sustainability and safety. Therapeutic trials that depend on clinical end points are long lasting and expensive. In this Opinion article we offer a perspective on the future of clinical trial design in which the process is significantly shortened by making greater use of laboratory measures to determine therapeutic outcome.

Hot off the presses! Apr 01 Nature Reviews Immunology

The Apr 01 issue of the Nature Reviews Immunology is now up on Pubget (About Nature Reviews Immunology): if you're at a subscribing institution, just click the link in the latest link at the home page. (Note you'll only be able to get all the PDFs in the issue if your institution subscribes to Pubget.)

Latest Articles Include:

• From the editors
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):153 (2010)
  The bone marrow could be considered to be the immune system's safe house — being a secure location, suitable for lying low and staying out of harms way. Indeed, haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can safely lie dormant in specialized bone marrow niches, being aroused from their slumber to replenish blood cells only in times of need.
• Thymocyte development: Cytokines have the casting vote
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):154 (2010)
  Signals through the T cell receptor (TCR) are crucial for the positive selection of double-positive (DP) thymocytes and for the differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Far less is known about how CD8+ T cell lineage specification occurs; this study indicates that although TCR signalling sets the stage for the differentiation of CD8+ T cells, signalling by cytokines such as interleukin-7 (IL-7) is the deciding factor.
• T cells: TH2 cells have mixed loyalty
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):155 (2010)
  T helper 1 (TH1) and TH2 cells express unique sets of transcription factors and cytokines and are thought to be mutually exclusive subsets, with opposing immunological functions. Now, a recent paper in Immunity has shown that interferons (IFNs) can induce TH2 cells to adopt a stable intermediate phenotype that is characterized by the expression of both TH1- and TH2-type signature molecules.
• In brief: Autoimmunity, Immune tolerance, Dendritic cells
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):155 (2010)
  March 2010 Vol 10 No 3 * Research Highlights * Reviews * Perspectives * Previous About the cover From the editors p153 | doi:10.1038/nri2741 Research Highlights Thymocyte development: Cytokines have the casting vote | PDF (150 KB) p154 | doi:10.1038/nri2732 CD8+ lineage specification requires cytokine but not TCR signalling. T cells: TH2 cells have mixed loyalty | PDF (246 KB) p155 | doi:10.1038/nri2733 Virus-induced IFNs cause TH2 cells to gain TH1-type functions. In brief Autoimmunity | Immune tolerance | Dendritic cells | PDF (173 KB) p155 | doi:10.1038/nri2740 Innate immunity: FOXO protects hungry flies | PDF (224 KB) p156 | doi:10.1038/nri2731 FOXO regulates AMP expression in response to starvation and disrupted insulin signalling. Autoimmunity: Platelets make bones ache | PDF (182 KB) p156 | doi:10.1038/nri2734 Platelet-derived microparticles express IL-1 and promote joint inflammation. Vaccine Watch Strategic variety | PDF (184 KB) p156 | doi:10.1038/nri2736 Innate immunity: A NOD to neutrophils | PDF (214 KB) p157 | doi:10.1038/nri2739 Peptidoglycan from the gut microbiota enhances systemic innate immune function. B cells: Direct hit by IL-21 | PDF (199 KB) p158 | doi:10.1038/nri2737 IL-21 receptor signalling by B cells prolongs germinal centre response. Tumour immunology: Antibodies lend support to tumours | PDF (214 KB) p158 | doi:10.1038/nri2738 Antibody binding to activating FcγRs establishes a pro-tumour environment Reviews Immune adaptations that maintain homeostasis with the intestinal microbiota Lora V. Hooper & Andrew J. Macpherson p159 | doi:10.1038/nri2710 Although the vast numbers of commensal organisms that reside in the human gut are essential for health, they pose a continuous threat of invasion. The intestinal immune system has evolved unique immunological adaptations that help to maintain intestinal homeostasis. * Abstract * Full Text * PDF (764 KB) The regulation of IL-10 production by immune cells Margarida Saraiva & Anne O'Garra p170 | doi:10.1038/nri2711 The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) has a central role in limiting inflammatory responses to protect against excessive tissue damage. Recent evidence suggests that many types of immune cell can produce IL-10, but how is its transcription regulated in these different cell types? * Abstract * Full Text * PDF (511 KB) WASP: a key immunological multitasker Adrian J. Thrasher & Siobhan O. Burns p182 | doi:10.1038/nri2724 As a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is involved in diverse immune responses, including leukocyte migration and activation. This Review describes how various mutations in mice and humans have led us to a greater appreciation of the many immunological functions of WASP. * Abstract * Full Text * PDF (470 KB) Organization of immunological memory by bone marrow stroma Koji Tokoyoda, Anja E. Hauser, Toshinori Nakayama & Andreas Radbruch p193 | doi:10.1038/nri2727 How are memory cells maintained? In this Review, the authors discuss the emerging role of mesenchymal stromal cells — which organize defined numbers of dedicated survival niches for different types of memory lymphocytes — in the maintenance of immunological memory. * Abstract * Full Text * PDF (365 KB) Perspectives Opinion Awakening dormant haematopoietic stem cells Andreas Trumpp, Marieke Essers & Anne Wilson p201 | doi:10.1038/nri2726 Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can reside as dormant cells in endosteal niches in the bone marrow, where they are resistant to certain types of chemotherapy. In this article, the authors suggest that by first awakening dormant HSCs to become actively self-renewing cells, this resistance to chemotherapy could be overcome. * Abstract * Full Text * PDF (1,857 KB) Opinion NLRP3 inflammasome activation: the convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production? Jurg Tschopp & Kate Schroder p210 | doi:10.1038/nri2725 This Opinion article discusses the evidence for and the limitations of the three main models of inflammasome activation. The authors propose that the production of reactive oxygen species might be a common factor downstream of many types of inflammasome activator. * Abstract * Full Text * PDF (592 KB) Erratum: Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: how bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function Maria T. Abreu p215 | doi:10.1038/nri2728 * Full Text * PDF (458 KB)
• Innate immunity: FOXO protects hungry flies
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):156 (2010)
  Chromogranin A is an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes Stadinksi , B. D.et al. Nature Immunol.7 Feb 2010 (doi: 10.1038/ni.1844)
• Autoimmunity: Platelets make bones ache
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):156 (2010)
  The immune and metabolic systems are closely integrated and evolutionarily conserved, and several pathways and transcription factors have been described that are central to this integration. Now, the transcription factor forkhead box O (FOXO), which has an important role in regulating metabolism, has been shown to be essential for the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in response to starvation and disrupted insulin signalling in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.
• Strategic variety
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):156 (2010)
  Platelets have well-described functions in haemostasis and blood clotting, but only recently have immunologists begun to appreciate the contribution of platelets to inflammatory responses. A recent paper in Science reports a pro-inflammatory role for platelets in inflammatory arthritis, showing that platelet-derived microparticles can promote immunopathology in the inflamed joint.
• Innate immunity: A NOD to neutrophils
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):157 (2010)
  Four new studies show the ever-increasing complexity of vaccine approaches that are being developed to increase immunogenicity, improve safety and decrease production costs.Perhaps the 'simplest' approach to vaccination is to use the whole microorganism, which contains both the protective antigen or antigens and natural 'built-in' adjuvants.
• B cells: Direct hit by IL-21
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):158 (2010)
  The relationship between a host and its intestinal microbiota may be even more complex and extensive than we previously anticipated, as suggested by a recent study in Nature Medicine. Clarke et al.
• Tumour immunology: Antibodies lend support to tumours
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):158 (2010)
  It has been reported that interleukin-21 (IL-21) drives the differentiation of T follicular helper (TFH) cells and is essential for effective germinal centre B cell responses. However, it was not clear whether the B cells in the germinal centre are themselves dependent on IL-21 or if the key requirement for IL-21 is in promoting TFH cell functions.
• Immune adaptations that maintain homeostasis with the intestinal microbiota
  Hooper LV Macpherson AJ - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):159 (2010)
  This study explains how B cells can contribute to cancer development. It shows that antibodies, by engaging activating Fc receptors for IgG (FcγRs) on myeloid cells in premalignant lesions, favour the generation of a chronic inflammatory environment that promotes carcinogenesis.
• The regulation of IL-10 production by immune cells
  Saraiva M O'Garra A - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):170 (2010)
  Humans harbour nearly 100 trillion intestinal bacteria that are essential for health. Millions of years of co-evolution have moulded this human–microorganism interaction into a symbiotic relationship in which gut bacteria make essential contributions to human nutrient metabolism and in return occupy a nutrient-rich environment. Although intestinal microorganisms carry out essential functions for their hosts, they pose a constant threat of invasion owing to their sheer numbers and the large intestinal surface area. In this Review, we discuss the unique adaptations of the intestinal immune system that maintain homeostatic interactions with a diverse resident microbiota.
• WASP: a key immunological multitasker
  Thrasher AJ Burns SO - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):182 (2010)
  Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties, has a central role in infection by limiting the immune response to pathogens and thereby preventing damage to the host. Recently, an increasing interest in how IL10 expression is regulated in different immune cells has revealed some of the molecular mechanisms involved at the levels of signal transduction, epigenetics, transcription factor binding and gene activation. Understanding the specific molecular events that regulate the production of IL-10 will help to answer the remaining questions that are important for the design of new strategies of immune intervention.
• Organization of immunological memory by bone marrow stroma
  Tokoyoda K Hauser AE Nakayama T Radbruch A - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):193 (2010)
  The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is an important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton that is required for many haematopoietic and immune cell functions, including effective migration, phagocytosis and immune synapse formation. Loss of WASP activity leads to Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome, an X-linked disease that is associated with defects in a broad range of cellular processes, resulting in complex immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and microthrombocytopenia. Intriguingly, gain of function mutations cause a separate disease that is mainly characterized by neutropenia. Here, we describe recent insights into the cellular mechanisms of these two related, but distinct, human diseases and discuss their wider implications for haematopoiesis, immune function and autoimmunity.
• Awakening dormant haematopoietic stem cells
  Trumpp A Essers M Wilson A - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):201 (2010)
  Immunological memory is a hallmark of the adaptive immune system. Plasma cells and memory B and T cells collectively provide protective immunity and effective secondary immune responses to invading pathogens. Here, we discuss how mesenchymal stromal cells regulate immunological memory by organizing defined numbers of dedicated survival niches for plasma cells and memory T cells in the bone marrow and also, to a lesser extent, in secondary lymphoid organs. An understanding of the biology of mesenchymal stromal cells and their interaction with cells of the immune system is key to fully understanding immunological memory.
• NLRP3 inflammasome activation: the convergence of multiple signalling pathways on ROS production?
  Tschopp J Schroder K - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):210 (2010)
  Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in mouse bone marrow are located in specialized niches as single cells. During homeostasis, signals from this environment keep some HSCs dormant, which preserves long-term self-renewal potential, while other HSCs actively self renew to maintain haematopoiesis. In response to haematopoietic stress, dormant HSCs become activated and rapidly replenish the haematopoietic system. Interestingly, three factors — granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, interferon-α and arsenic trioxide — have been shown to efficiently activate dormant stem cells and thereby could break their resistance to anti-proliferative chemotherapeutics. Thus, we propose that two-step strategies could target resistant leukaemic stem cells by priming tumours with activators of dormancy followed by chemotherapy or targeted therapies.
• Erratum: Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: how bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function
  - Nature Reviews Immunology 10(3):215 (2010)
  The NLR family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that activates caspase 1, leading to the processing and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by a wide range of danger signals that derive not only from microorganisms but also from metabolic dysregulation. It is unclear how these highly varied stress signals can be detected by a single inflammasome. In this Opinion article, we review the different signalling pathways that have been proposed to engage the NLRP3 inflammasome and suggest a model in which one of the crucial elements for NLRP3 activation is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Hot off the presses! Jan 01

The Jan 01 issue of the is now up on Pubget (About ): if you're at a subscribing institution, just click the link in the latest link at the home page. (Note you'll only be able to get all the PDFs in the issue if your institution subscribes to Pubget.)

Latest Articles Include:

• 
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):1 (2010)
  
• Systems biology: Small genome, complex regulation | PDF (226 KB)
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):3 (2010)
  Three papers describe transcriptomic, metabolic and proteomic analyses of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which has one of the smallest genomes among self-replicating bacteria. These studies reveal a surprising degree of complexity at each level, which is not only informative about life with a reduced genome but also provides insights into the regulation of cellular functions in bacteria.
• Human disease: Edges, nodes and networks | PDF (174 KB)
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):4 (2010)
  Classical models of genotype-to-phenotype relationships for human Mendelian disorders generally assume that a mutation causes complete loss of a gene product. A recent paper shows that an alternative, network-based approach is better suited to explain observed phenotypes.
• Bioinformatics: SNPs while you wait | PDF (126 KB)
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):4 (2010)
  Computational power is struggling to keep pace with the amount of genome variation data that are being collected. One solution is offered by an open access software tool, Crossbow, that allows billions of bases of sequence to be compared and SNP-genotyped accurately and cheaply in a few hours.
• Regulatory elements: A metamorphosis in synthesis | PDF (183 KB)
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):4 (2010)
  If your aim is to understand functional regulatory elements in genomes or to use them to synthesize new genetic circuits, there is good news: no more need to bother with the tedious work of checking the effects of each possible mutation in a promoter, one base at a time. A new technique by Patwardhan et al. will allow labs to test all mutations at once, given access to a number of ultra-high-throughput technologies.
• Developmental biology | Sex determination | Gene regulation | Differentiation | PDF (121 KB)
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):5 (2010)
  Developmental biology Chiral blastomere arrangement dictates zygotic left–right asymmetry pathway in snails Kuroda, R. et al. Nature 25 Nov 2009 (doi:10.1038/nature08597) The establishment of left–right (L/R) patterning can be investigated in embryos of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, in which shells coil clockwise or anticlockwise.
• Small RNAs: Sorting the strands | PDF (210 KB)
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):6 (2010)
  Before they become associated with Argonaute (AGO) proteins to exert their regulatory effects, microRNAs (miRNAs) exist in a duplex with a complementary miRNA|[ast]| strand. Until recently, only the miRNA strand was thought to be sorted to AGO, and miRNA|[ast]|s were thought to be degraded as non-functional by-products of miRNA metabolism.
• Genomics: Maize looks set to amaze | PDF (147 KB)
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):6 (2010)
  A genome sequence for maize has long been expected to provide valuable information for both breeding strategies and basic research. Now, publication of the sequence of the B73 inbred maize line, a maize haplotype map and a collection of related papers have demonstrated the breadth of novel insights that can be obtained from this resource.
• Genome evolution | Chromatin | Structural variation | Small RNAs | PDF (122 KB)
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):7 (2010)
  Genome evolution Ubiquitous internal gene duplication and intron creation in eukaryotes Gao, X. & Lynch, M. Proc. Natl Acad.
• Cancer: Small losses, big gains with microRNAs | PDF (113 KB)
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):8 (2010)
  A new study in mice shows that heterozygous loss of Dicer, a crucial component of the microRNA (miRNA) processing machinery, could potentially explain the global decrease in miRNA expression often seen in tumours. Homozygous loss of Dicer1 results in embryonic lethality, so targeted deletion of this gene has been investigated.
• Population genetics: SNPs that come in threes | PDF (146 KB)
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):8 (2010)
  Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the bread and butter of many studies of sequence variation, and so understanding how they vary is useful to studies of genome evolution and disease susceptibility. Most human SNPs are biallelic — that is, two allelic variants are segregating in the population — but a paper now shows that there are twice as many triallelic SNPs as expected, and puts forward a mutational mechanism by which they might arise.
• Prokaryotic transcriptomics: a new view on regulation, physiology and pathogenicity
  Sorek R Cossart P - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):9 (2010)
  Transcriptome-wide studies in eukaryotes have been instrumental in the characterization of fundamental regulatory mechanisms for more than a decade. By contrast, in prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) whole-transcriptome studies have not been performed until recently owing to the general view that microbial gene structures are simple, as well as technical difficulties in enriching for mRNAs that lack poly(A) tails. Deep RNA sequencing and tiling array studies are now revolutionizing our understanding of the complexity, plasticity and regulation of microbial transcriptomes.
• From evolutionary genetics to human immunology: how selection shapes host defence genes
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):17 (2010)
  Pathogens have always been a major cause of human mortality, so they impose strong selective pressure on the human genome. Data from population genetic studies, including genome-wide scans for selection, are providing important insights into how natural selection has shaped immunity and host defence genes in specific human populations and in the human species as a whole. These findings are helping to delineate genes that are important for host defence and to increase our understanding of how past selection has had an impact on disease susceptibility in modern populations. A tighter integration between population genetic studies and immunological phenotype studies is now necessary to reveal the mechanisms that have been crucial for our past and present survival against infection.
• Sequencing technologies — the next generation
  Metzker ML - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):31 (2010)
  Demand has never been greater for revolutionary technologies that deliver fast, inexpensive and accurate genome information. This challenge has catalysed the development of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. The inexpensive production of large volumes of sequence data is the primary advantage over conventional methods. Here, I present a technical review of template preparation, sequencing and imaging, genome alignment and assembly approaches, and recent advances in current and near-term commercially available NGS instruments. I also outline the broad range of applications for NGS technologies, in addition to providing guidelines for platform selection to address biological questions of interest.
• Origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system: genetic events and selective pressures
  Flajnik MF Kasahara M - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):47 (2010)
  The adaptive immune system (AIS) in mammals, which is centred on lymphocytes bearing antigen receptors that are generated by somatic recombination, arose approximately 500 million years ago in jawed fish. This intricate defence system consists of many molecules, mechanisms and tissues that are not present in jawless vertebrates. Two macroevolutionary events are believed to have contributed to the genesis of the AIS: the emergence of the recombination-activating gene (RAG) transposon, and two rounds of whole-genome duplication. It has recently been discovered that a non-RAG-based AIS with similarities to the jawed vertebrate AIS — including two lymphoid cell lineages — arose in jawless fish by convergent evolution. We offer insights into the latest advances in this field and speculate on the selective pressures that led to the emergence and maintenance of the AIS.
• Kinase mutations in human disease: interpreting genotype–phenotype relationships
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):60 (2010)
  Protein kinases are one of the largest families of evolutionarily related proteins and comprise one of the most abundant gene families in humans. Here we survey kinase gene mutations from the perspective of human disease phenotypes and further analyse the structural features of mutant kinases, including mutational hotspots. Our evaluation of the genotype–phenotype relationship across 915 human kinase mutations — that underlie 67 single-gene diseases, mainly inherited developmental and metabolic disorders and also certain cancers — enhances our understanding of the role of kinases in development, kinase dysfunction in pathogenesis and kinases as potential targets for therapy.
• RNA processing and its regulation: global insights into biological networks
  - Nature reviews. Genetics 11(1):75 (2010)
  In recent years views of eukaryotic gene expression have been transformed by the finding that enormous diversity can be generated at the RNA level. Advances in technologies for characterizing RNA populations are revealing increasingly complete descriptions of RNA regulation and complexity; for example, through alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation and RNA editing. New biochemical strategies to map protein–RNA interactions in vivo are yielding transcriptome-wide insights into mechanisms of RNA processing. These advances, combined with bioinformatics and genetic validation, are leading to the generation of functional RNA maps that reveal the rules underlying RNA regulation and networks of biologically coherent transcripts. Together these are providing new insights into molecular cell biology and disease.

Hot off the presses! Jun 01 Nat Genet

The Jun 01 issue of the Nat Genet is now up on Pubget (About Nat Genet): if you're at a subscribing institution, just click the link in the latest link at the home page. (Note you'll only be able to get all the PDFs in the issue if your institution subscribes to Pubget.)

Latest Articles Include:

• Remembering things past
  - Nat Genet 12(6):461 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Editorial Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Remembering things past Journal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 12,Page:461Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni0611-461Published online18 May 2011 Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Memory is the signature property of the adaptive response, and vaccination is a hugely important medical intervention—understanding the former will help perfect the latter. View full text Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Additional data
• Understand memory, design better vaccines
  - Nat Genet 12(6):463-465 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Overview Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Understand memory, design better vaccines * Michael J Bevan1Journal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 12,Pages:463–465Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2041Published online18 May 2011 Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Naive lymphocytes have a finite lifespan and are continually replaced by input from generative organs. In contrast, memory cells or their progeny can last a lifetime. The expanded populations of memory cells and their more widespread distribution provide protection against recurrent infection. View full text Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Affiliations * Department of Immunology, University of Washington and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA. * Michael J Bevan Competing financial interests The author declares no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Michael J Bevan Author Details * Michael J Bevan Contact Michael J Bevan Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Additional data
• Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells
  - Nat Genet 12(6):467-471 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• Germinal center B and follicular helper T cells: siblings, cousins or just good friends?
  - Nat Genet 12(6):472-477 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• Normal T cell homeostasis: the conversion of naive cells into memory-phenotype cells
  - Nat Genet 12(6):478-484 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• Regional and mucosal memory T cells
  - Nat Genet 12(6):485-491 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• T cell exhaustion
  - Nat Genet 12(6):492-499 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• Natural killer cell memory
  - Nat Genet 12(6):500-508 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• Immunological mechanisms of vaccination
  - Nat Genet 12(6):509-517 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• Research Highlights
  - Nat Genet 12(6):518 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Editorial Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Remembering things past Journal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 12,Page:461Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni0611-461Published online18 May 2011 Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Memory is the signature property of the adaptive response, and vaccination is a hugely important medical intervention—understanding the former will help perfect the latter. View full text Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Additional data
• A BATF-ling connection between B cells and follicular helper T cells
  - Nat Genet 12(6):519-520 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Overview Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Understand memory, design better vaccines * Michael J Bevan1Journal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 12,Pages:463–465Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2041Published online18 May 2011 Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Naive lymphocytes have a finite lifespan and are continually replaced by input from generative organs. In contrast, memory cells or their progeny can last a lifetime. The expanded populations of memory cells and their more widespread distribution provide protection against recurrent infection. View full text Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Affiliations * Department of Immunology, University of Washington and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA. * Michael J Bevan Competing financial interests The author declares no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Michael J Bevan Author Details * Michael J Bevan Contact Michael J Bevan Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Additional data
• GM-CSF: the secret weapon in the TH17 arsenal
  - Nat Genet 12(6):521-522 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Overview Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Understand memory, design better vaccines * Michael J Bevan1Journal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 12,Pages:463–465Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2041Published online18 May 2011 Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Naive lymphocytes have a finite lifespan and are continually replaced by input from generative organs. In contrast, memory cells or their progeny can last a lifetime. The expanded populations of memory cells and their more widespread distribution provide protection against recurrent infection. View full text Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Affiliations * Department of Immunology, University of Washington and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA. * Michael J Bevan Competing financial interests The author declares no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Michael J Bevan Author Details * Michael J Bevan Contact Michael J Bevan Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Additional data
• Fox factors fight over T cell quiescence
  - Nat Genet 12(6):522-524 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Overview Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Understand memory, design better vaccines * Michael J Bevan1Journal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 12,Pages:463–465Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2041Published online18 May 2011 Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Naive lymphocytes have a finite lifespan and are continually replaced by input from generative organs. In contrast, memory cells or their progeny can last a lifetime. The expanded populations of memory cells and their more widespread distribution provide protection against recurrent infection. View full text Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Affiliations * Department of Immunology, University of Washington and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA. * Michael J Bevan Competing financial interests The author declares no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Michael J Bevan Author Details * Michael J Bevan Contact Michael J Bevan Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Additional data
• Research Highlights
  - Nat Genet 12(6):525 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Editorial Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Remembering things past Journal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 12,Page:461Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni0611-461Published online18 May 2011 Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Memory is the signature property of the adaptive response, and vaccination is a hugely important medical intervention—understanding the former will help perfect the latter. View full text Read the full article * Instant access to this article: US$32Buy now * Subscribe to Nature Immunology for full access: SubscribeLogin for existing subscribers Additional access options: * Use a document delivery service * Login via Athens * Purchase a site license * Institutional access * British Library Document Supply Centre * Infotrieve * Thompson ISI Document Delivery * You can also request this document from your local library through inter-library loan services. Additional data
• Genetic analysis of basophil function in vivo
  - Nat Genet 12(6):527-535 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• The transcription factor BATF controls the global regulators of class-switch recombination in both B cells and T cells
  - Nat Genet 12(6):536-543 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• Transcription factor Foxp1 exerts essential cell-intrinsic regulation of the quiescence of naive T cells
  - Nat Genet 12(6):544-550 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• Modulation of cytokine receptors by IL-2 broadly regulates differentiation into helper T cell lineages
  - Nat Genet 12(6):551-559 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• RORγt drives production of the cytokine GM-CSF in helper T cells, which is essential for the effector phase of autoimmune neuroinflammation
  - Nat Genet 12(6):560-567 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data
• The encephalitogenicity of TH17 cells is dependent on IL-1- and IL-23-induced production of the cytokine GM-CSF
  - Nat Genet 12(6):568-575 (2011)
  Nature Immunology | Review Immunological memory Focus issue: June 2011 Volume 12, No 6 * * Reviews * Research Highlights * * Contents * Editorial * Overview Origins of CD4+ effector and central memory T cells * Marion Pepper1 * Marc K Jenkins1 * Affiliations * Corresponding authorJournal name:Nature ImmunologyVolume: 131,Pages:467–471Year published:(2011)DOI:doi:10.1038/ni.2038Published online18 May 2011 Abstract * Abstract * Author information Article tools * Full text * Print * Email * Download PDF * Download citation * Order reprints * Rights and permissions * Share/bookmark * Connotea * CiteULike * Facebook * Twitter * Delicious * Digg Lineage-committed effector CD4+ T cells are generated at the peak of the primary response and are followed by heterogeneous populations of central and effector memory cells. Here we review the evidence that T helper type 1 (TH1) effector cells survive the contraction phase of the primary response and become effector memory cells. We discuss the applicability of this idea to the TH2 cell, TH17 helper T cell, follicular helper T cell (TFH cell) and induced regulatory T cell lineages. We also discuss how central memory cells are formed, with an emphasis on the role of B cells in this process. View full text Author information * Abstract * Author information Affiliations * Department of Microbiology and the Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. * Marion Pepper & * Marc K Jenkins Competing financial interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. Corresponding author Correspondence to: * Marc K Jenkins Author Details * Marion Pepper Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar * Marc K Jenkins Contact Marc K Jenkins Search for this author in: * NPG journals * PubMed * Google Scholar Additional data